FOXI3 pathogenic variants cause one form of craniofacial microsomia.

TitleFOXI3 pathogenic variants cause one form of craniofacial microsomia.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2023
AuthorsMao, K, Borel, C, Ansar, M, Jolly, A, Makrythanasis, P, Froehlich, C, Iwaszkiewicz, J, Wang, B, Xu, X, Li, Q, Blanc, X, Zhu, H, Chen, Q, Jin, F, Ankamreddy, H, Singh, S, Zhang, H, Wang, X, Chen, P, Ranza, E, Paracha, SAziz, Shah, SFahim, Guida, V, Piceci-Sparascio, F, Melis, D, Dallapiccola, B, Digilio, MCristina, Novelli, A, Magliozzi, M, Fadda, MTeresa, Streff, H, Machol, K, Lewis, RA, Zoete, V, Squeo, GMaria, Prontera, P, Mancano, G, Gori, G, Mariani, M, Selicorni, A, Psoni, S, Fryssira, H, Douzgou, S, Marlin, S, Biskup, S, De Luca, A, Merla, G, Zhao, S, Cox, TC, Groves, AK, Lupski, JR, Zhang, Q, Zhang, Y-B, Antonarakis, SE
JournalNat Commun
Volume14
Issue1
Pagination2026
Date Published2023 Apr 11
ISSN2041-1723
KeywordsAnimals, Facial Asymmetry, Forkhead Transcription Factors, Goldenhar Syndrome, Mice, Pedigree
Abstract

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM; also known as Goldenhar syndrome), is a craniofacial developmental disorder of variable expressivity and severity with a recognizable set of abnormalities. These birth defects are associated with structures derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches, can occur unilaterally and include ear dysplasia, microtia, preauricular tags and pits, facial asymmetry and other malformations. The inheritance pattern is controversial, and the molecular etiology of this syndrome is largely unknown. A total of 670 patients belonging to unrelated pedigrees with European and Chinese ancestry with CFM, are investigated. We identify 18 likely pathogenic variants in 21 probands (3.1%) in FOXI3. Biochemical experiments on transcriptional activity and subcellular localization of the likely pathogenic FOXI3 variants, and knock-in mouse studies strongly support the involvement of FOXI3 in CFM. Our findings indicate autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance, and/or autosomal recessive inheritance. The phenotypic expression of the FOXI3 variants is variable. The penetrance of the likely pathogenic variants in the seemingly dominant form is reduced, since a considerable number of such variants in affected individuals were inherited from non-affected parents. Here we provide suggestive evidence that common variation in the FOXI3 allele in trans with the pathogenic variant could modify the phenotypic severity and accounts for the incomplete penetrance.

DOI10.1038/s41467-023-37703-6
Alternate JournalNat Commun
PubMed ID37041148
PubMed Central IDPMC10090152
Grant ListR01 DC013072 / DC / NIDCD NIH HHS / United States
R35 NS105078 / NS / NINDS NIH HHS / United States
U01 HG011758 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States
UM1 HG006542 / HG / NHGRI NIH HHS / United States

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